World leaders blame Vladimir Putin for death of critic Alexei Navalny

“Putin doesn’t care who dies – only for him to hold his position. This is why he must hold onto nothing. Putin must lose everything and be held responsible for his deeds,” Mr Zelensky said.

US President Joe Biden said Washington does not know exactly what happened, “but there is no doubt that the death of Navalny was a consequence of something Putin and his thugs did”.

German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, whose country temporarily took in Navalny in 2020 after he was poisoned with a nerve agent, said the Kremlin critic’s death makes clear “what kind of regime this is”.

“He has probably now paid for this courage with his life,” Mr Scholz said, standing next to Zelensky.

The German leader said he met Mr Navalny in Berlin during his convalescence.

Mr Navalny, 47, was serving a 19-year prison sentence on extremism charges in a remote penal colony above the Arctic Circle at the time of his death.

He has been behind bars since he returned from Germany in January 2021, serving time on various charges that he rejected as a politically motivated effort to keep him imprisoned for life.

Mr Navalny was “brutally murdered by the Kremlin”, said Latvian president Edgars Rinkevics in a post on X, formerly Twitter. “That’s a fact and that is something one should know about the true nature of Russia’s current regime.”

Mr Navalny’s associates stressed they did not have independent confirmation of his death in the reports that came from Russia’s penitentiary officials.

His close ally, Ivan Zhdanov, said authorities “must notify the relatives” within 24 hours “if true”.

“There hasn’t been any notifications,” he said on X, formerly Twitter. “We have no other comments beyond that.”

Mr Navalny’s wife, Yulia Navalnaya, appearing at the Munich conference, said she did not know whether or not to believe it because “we cannot trust Putin and the Putin government. They always lie”.

“But if this is true, I want Putin and everyone around Putin, Putin’s friends, his government, to know that they will bear responsibility for what they did to our country, to my family and to my husband. And this day will come very soon,” she said.

Mr Navalny’s death also led to an outpouring of grief among Russians living abroad.

In the Serbian capital of Belgrade, hundreds of Russians and others lit candles and laid flowers outside the Russian embassy.

Tens of thousands of Russians have moved to Serbia, a fellow Slavic country, since Russia invaded Ukraine two years ago.

Hundreds also gathered in the Georgian capital of Tbilisi, which has also seen a huge influx of Russians since the invasion of Ukraine.

Some held banners saying “Putin is the killer” and “We will not forgive”.

Up to 300 people attended a similar rally in Georgia’s third-largest city, Batumi.

Protesters also assembled in the Armenian capital of Yerevan, another country that attracted a lot of Russians after the start of the war in Ukraine.

In Israel, home to a large number of people who came from Russia, hundreds rallied outside the Russian Embassy in Tel Aviv, chanting “Russia without Putin!” and “Russia will be free!”.

Protesters also rallied outside Russian embassies in Berlin and the Bulgarian capital of Sofia.

The outpouring of sympathy for Mr Navalny’s family and outrage at the Kremlin, which in recent years mounted an unprecedented crackdown on dissent, came from all over the world.

“If this is true, then no matter the formal cause, the responsibility for the premature death is Vladimir Putin personally, who first gave the green light to the poisoning of Alexei and then put him in prison,” said Mikhail Khodorkovsky, an exiled Russia tycoon turned opposition figure in exile, speaking in an online statement.

Other Russian opposition activists echoed him.

“If it is confirmed, the death of Alexei is a murder. Organised by Putin,” opposition politician Dmitry Gudkov said on social media.

“Even if Alexei died of natural causes, those were triggered by his poisoning and further torture in prison.”

Former world chess champion-turned-opposition activist Garry Kasparov said “Putin tried and failed to murder Navalny quickly and secretly with poison, and now he has murdered him slowly and publicly in prison.”

“He was killed for exposing Putin and his mafia as the crooks and thieves they are,” Kasparov, who lives abroad, wrote on X.

Nato secretary-general Jens Stoltenberg said Russia has questions to answer if the reports are true.

“What we have seen is that Russia has become a more and more authoritarian power, that they have used repression against the opposition for many years,” Mr Stoltenberg said.

White House national security adviser Jake Sullivan told NPR that if Navalny’s death is confirmed, “it’s a terrible tragedy and, given the Russian government’s long and sordid history of doing harm to its opponents, it raises real and obvious questions about what happened here”.