Extensive study of beavers reveals environmental impact

Scotland’s Beaver Strategy 2022-2045 sets out the benefits and challenges of reintroduction, including environmental and economic opportunities and the need for management when necessary.

A new study by the University of Stirling has looked at how beavers reintroduced to Scotland indirectly interact with deer – and the implications for the woodlands they share.

Read More:

• Splat's all folks: 75% decline in insects on windshields a 'red flag'

• Scots safari park welcomes first chimpanzee for eight years

• Scottish rewilding campaign backed by Leonardo DiCaprio raises £200,000

Researchers found that almost two thirds of trees felled by beavers produced new shoots, which were more abundant and concentrated closer to the ground than on other trees.

This could diversify woodland structure into a mix of short and tall tree stems, which ought to boost biodiversity, according to researchers in the Faculty of Natural Sciences.

The research, which also involved researchers at NatureScot and the James Hutton Institute, was carried out in eastern Scotland in established beaver territories by studying almost 800 trees.

Dr Kelsey Wilson, who led the new study as part of her PhD research at the University of Stirling, said: “Beavers have gradually returned, sometimes after long absences, into riverside or riparian woodlands often shared with large populations of browsing deer.

“Beavers use their sharp teeth to cut down riverside trees of different sizes and species. Their most favoured trees, such as willows, usually respond by vigorously sprouting a crown of new shoots - similar to what happens with traditional tree coppicing.

“We found that almost two thirds of trees produced new shoots after being felled by beavers. These shoots were more abundant, nutritious, and concentrated closer to the ground than on other trees, making them an easily accessible food source for foraging deer.”

As beaver populations rise, interactions with deer are expected to become more common in riparian woodlands, which are valued for their role in reducing pollution to rivers, shading them from rising temperatures, buffering flood impacts and as a source of food for aquatic life.

Having a deeper understanding of beaver-deer interactions can help direct conservation efforts and habitat management strategies to meet national woodland creation goals in the areas where these two species overlap.

The University of Stirling’s Professor Nigel Willby, a co-author of the study, said: “The way in which a woodland is structured greatly affects its biodiversity and conservation value. Our research shows that tree-felling by beavers could diversify woodland structure into a mix of short and tall tree stems, which ought to boost biodiversity overall. 

“However, if more deer are attracted into riparian woodlands by the offer of a rich, accessible food source that beavers stimulate through their felling behaviour, it could suppress tree growth. This might simplify woodland structure, and future woodland regeneration efforts could be hindered.”

This research, which also involved Professor Alison Hester, senior scientist at the Hutton, was jointly funded by the University of Stirling, NatureScot and the Hutton as part of a four-year PhD project (2018 - 2023).

Dr Martin Gaywood, NatureScot’s Species Projects Manager, said: “We were pleased to help support this research exploring the complex role of beavers within the Scottish environment.

“Scotland’s Beaver Strategy has ambitions for wider beaver restoration across Scotland, and so the potential interactions between beavers and deer will be an important consideration in planning, decision-making and management. Where beavers have been restored to new catchments then ongoing monitoring of combined herbivore impacts in relevant woodlands is being carried out.

“Riverside woodland creation and management in the presence of beavers is a key focus of the work of the Scottish Beaver Advisory Group, and this research makes a further useful contribution to our knowledge base.”