How to make a perfect cup of tea 'according to science'

All of her findings have now been compiled in Steeped: The Chemistry of Tea, a new book published by the Royal Society of Chemistry that explores the history and science behind a daily brew.

Dr Francl said: “Writing Steeped was great fun, a chance to combine my love for chemistry and my delight in a really good cup of tea.

“Even after all these years of drinking  and doing research in chemistry, I learned new things about what is in my cup and how to make the very best cup of tea.

“I tried everything from adding a dash of salt to a cup to trying to decaffeinate tea with vodka in my quest to understand how a cup of tea comes together.

“I enjoyed the challenge of explaining it in a way that people who are not chemists can appreciate the beauty of the chemistry happening."

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Below are a list of 10 handy 'hacks' from Dr Francl to keep in mind the next time you stick the kettle on.

Pass the salt please

"Reduce the bitterness in your cuppa with a tiny pinch of regular table salt.

"Sodium ion is a key element of salt and interacts with the chemical mechanism that produces the perception of a bitter taste."

Warm milk is the cream of the crop

"If you use a teabag, add milk after pouring the tea and, if possible, heat it gently before mixing.

"This will reduce the chance of curdling and better control the rate at which the tea cools. But note the more milk you add, the lower the amount of caffeine."

Don’t shape up for your cuppa

" Tall and cylindrical cups are a mug’s game as these expose a greater surface area, which means your brew will cool down quicker.

"Short and stout keeps your tea hotter and is therefore the way to go if you want to extract as much of the taste and good stuff as possible."

Bin the bag and leave the leaves

"Dispose of used tea leaves and teabags after one use as virtually all the caffeine and antioxidants in them are gone within a minute of steeping.

"Make sure you dunk and squeeze to get the most out of them while you can."

Heat up the cup (or pot)

"Pre-warming a teapot helps it to maintain a higher temperature while steeping, increasing the amount of caffeine and antioxidants in the cup, but it will also help the contents of a teapot or teacup stay warm longer once the infusion is complete.

"Teabags are convenient but, if possible, use loose leaves and tea baskets. Wet tea leaves can expand to four or five times the size of dry ones so if you leave more room for them and the water to circulate, you extract more of those fragrant compounds within."

Never put  in a microwave

"Water boiled in the microwave reaches its boiling point so quickly that little of the dissolved oxygen or carbon dioxide has a chance to escape, resulting in a higher likelihood of a scum forming.

"However, adding lemon juice can reduce the odds of this by lowering the pH while citrate ions can surround calcium and magnesium ions, preventing them forming solids."

DIY decaffeination

"If you want your tea hit but without the buzz, take a teabag, add 60ml of boiling water and then let it steep for 30 seconds. Discard the water, which will contain more than 80% of the caffeine and re-brew for five minutes in a fresh cup of boiling water."

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Longer steeping means bitter, not better 

"Caffeine is hydrophilic, which means water-loving, so it is released quickly but some of the bitter compounds – for example, tannins – do not dissolve as quickly.

"This means that if you leave tea to steep in very hot water, your caffeine hit won’t change much but the bitterness will."

Keep it cosy 

"Use a fabric or felt tea cosy on a teapot and try to cover your cuppa to keep it hotter for longer as the process of convection, where fast-moving molecules move away from a hot object and thus take some of its energy with them, will see it cool quicker otherwise.

"Cosies essentially trap air, which slows heat transfer and keeps your tea toasty."

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With Steeped: available to purchase on the Royal Society of Chemistry website now, Professor Gill Reid, president of the Royal Society of Chemistry, said: “Chemistry impacts everything, from developing life-saving medicine to creating the materials needed to build the green technology of the future – and chemistry even impacts the quality of your tea. 

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