Austria and Slovakia have rushed to join Germany in reintroducing border checks, putting even more pressure on officials to come up with a strategy to handle the immigration crisis.
German Vice Chancellor Sigmar Gabriel defended the new checks, saying they were not designed to keep those fleeing violence in their homeland out of Germany but were aimed at producing a more orderly flow of people.
He also predicted, in a letter to his Social Democrat Party, that Germany alone would see at least one million asylum seekers this year - and demanded that other EU nations do more to help.
"(Border checks are) a 'clear signal' to our European partners that Germany, even if we are prepared to provide disproportionate assistance, cannot accommodate all of the refugees alone," he wrote.
Hungary, on the other hand, was set to introduce much harsher border controls at midnight - laws that can send smugglers to prison and deport migrants who cut under Hungary's new razor-wire border fence. The country's leader was emphatically clear that they were designed to keep migrants out.
"You have to defend Hungary and Europe. You have to defend the country's borders while at the same time you have to protect our way of life. You are the defenders of our culture, our way of life and our sovereignty," Prime Minister Viktor Orban told hundreds of police bound for the Serbian border.
The Czech Republic boosted its presence along its border with Austria but did not yet reintroduced border checks.
With the Schengen system of unfettered travel through much of the continent under increasing pressure, interior ministers from the EU's 28 nations opened emergency talks, trying to narrow a yawning divide over how to share responsibility for the thousands of refugees arriving daily.
"If we don't find a solution, then this chaos will be the result," said Foreign Minister Jean Asselborn of Luxembourg, which holds the EU presidency. "That will become a domino effect and then we can forget Schengen" - generally considered one of the greatest achievements of the EU.
The talks focused on distributing 160,000 refugees from the front-line states of Greece, Italy and Hungary over the next two years - but at least four Eastern European nations have strongly rejected suggestions they should be forced to take in any more people.
The arrival of around 500,000 migrants so far this year has taken the EU by surprise. Germany - which has taken in by far the most of any EU nation - warned those figures would swell further.
Lacking a quick and comprehensive policy answer, EU nations have begun tightening border security or, in the case of Hungary, erecting fences.
Greece is simply overwhelmed by the numbers of people coming across the sea from Turkey and cannot properly screen the migrants, let alone lodge them. Scuffles and fights have broken out among migrants on Greece's eastern islands as they desperately seek a route to the mainland.
But if every nation starts setting up border checks again, it would undermine a cornerstone of the EU. When trucks, planes and trains can whiz through the continent without checks it created a unified EU spirit. Long lines at highway border crossings and stalled trains near the frontier would quickly wipe that away.
Humanitarian groups have been critical of the slow European response to the crisis that has seen thousands of families trekking across its eastern nations by train, bus or foot.
"Bear in mind that the decisions adopted in previous summits have so far largely failed to improve the situation," Doctors Without Borders President Joanne Liu said in a letter to EU leaders.
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